ABSTRACT
Introduction: Accurate estimation of Gestational age is of great value in proper obstetric care and interventionduring pregnancy. Ultrasound has evolved as a reliable method for accurate measurement of gestational age bymeasuring various fetal biometric features like Crown Rump Length (CRL), Biparietal Diameter (BPD), Femurlength (FL), Abdominal Circumference (AC), Head Circumference (HC), Trans Cerebellar Diameter (TCD) etc. Femurbeing the longest bone in fetus, least movable and easily imagable from second trimester to delivery, can bemeasured for estimation of gestational age. The present study was performed to evaluate femur length in secondand third trimester by ultrasonography, assess gestational age from measurement of Femur Length (FL) anddetermine the accuracy of gestational age assessed by ultrasonography with gestational age assessed by LMPmethod in local population of Gujarat.Materials and Methods: Cross sectional study of total of 200 pregnant women, 100 second trimester and 100third trimester, between 13 and 40 weeks of gestational age attending the department of radiology at P.D.U.Medical college, Rajkot for a fetal ultrasound scan was done. Femur length (FL) was measured; Gestational agewas measured by Hadlock’s method and Loughna P et al’s method; also gestational age was assessed from LMPof the women. The mean values of femur length and predictive accuracy of fetal femur length was analyzed andcompared with other studies.Results: Mean of FL increased progressively from 13-40 weeks of gestation. During both second and third trimesters,Hadlock’s formula and Loughna P’s method were equally accurate to assess the gestational age. But femur lengthwas more accurate in second trimester than in third trimester. There was discrepancy in values of femur lengthas compared to other studies.Conclusion: Like other studies the present study also found the need of fetal charts that were specific for individualpopulation and ethnic group to determine gestational age and EDD to enable the development of better clinicalguidelines for the present population.
ABSTRACT
Background: Single best-answer multiple-choice questions (MCQs) consist of a question (the stem) two or more choices from which examinees must choose the correct option (the distracters) and one correct or best response (the key). Item analysis is the process of collecting, summarizing and using information from students’ responses to assess the quality of test items. Classical test theory for item analysis is most followed method to determine the reliability by calculating Difficulty Index (P score) and Discriminating Index (D score) and Distracter effectiveness Aim: This Study was aimed to calculate P scoreand distracter effectiveness; to find out relationship between P score and distracter effectiveness. Material and methods: In this Cross Sectional study 65 items responded by 120 Students of first year M.B.B.S were studied for Item Analysis. Difficulty Index, and Distracter Effectiveness were calculated for each item. Distracters were identified and classified as Functioning and Non- functioning distracter. Interrelationship between P Score, and Distracter Effectiveness was calculated and analyzed by Epinifo 7 software Result: We found Items with two functioning distracters were more difficult than that of others followed by items with three functioning distracters. Conclusion: Distractors affect the item difficulty index and by the means also affects quality of the assessment .
ABSTRACT
Background: Lateral circumflex femoral artery contributes cruciate, trochanteric and knee joint anastomosis. In addition Lateral circumflex femoral artery flaps are used for the reconstruction of large tissue loss in the head and neck region, aortopopliteal bypass, coronary artery bypass grafting and extracranial intracranial bypass surgery. This work was carried out (a) to study the origin of lateral circumflex femoral artery and (b) to measure and compare (between male and female) the circumference at its origin. Methods: In this cross sectional study, 51 femoral triangles from 26 (18 male and 08 female) human adult cadavers were dissected and studied at P.D.U. government medical college, Rajkot, Gujarat. Site of origin of lateral circumflex femoral artery was identified and noted. The distance of origin of the artery from the origin of profunda femoris artery was measured and noted. Circumference at the level of origin was measured and diameter was calculated. Collected data was analysed by standard statistical formulas with the help of Microsoft excel 2013 and Epi info 7TM software. Results: 90.19% lateral circumflex femoral arteries originated from the profunda femoris artery and remaining 9.81% from the femoral artery. The mean distance of origin of the artery from the origin of profunda femoris artery was 18.44 mm. Lateral circumflex femoral artery circumference and diameter were significantly different between male and female (95% confidence interval, P <0.05). Conclusion: In this presented study maximum distance of origin of the artery from the origin was 65 mm while minimum distance of origin was 6 mm. In addition difference in circumference of the artery was statistically significant.
ABSTRACT
Background: The profunda femoris artery is the major branch of the femoral artery. It is at critical place in relation to femoral artery for various interventions. Aim: To study the origin of profunda femoris artery. And to compare the cross sectional area of profunda femoris artery between right and left limbs. Material and methods: In this cross sectional study, 51 human femoral triangles from 26 (18 male and 08 female) human cadavers in P.D.U. Government Medical College, Rajkot were dissected and studied during regular dissection classes. Site of origin of profunda femoris artery was noted in relation to femoral artery. The distance of origin of profunda femoris artery from the midpoint of inguinal point was measured and noted. Circumference of profunda femoris artery at the level of origin was measured. The cross sectional area was calculated. Collected data was analyzed by standard statistical formulas with the help of Microsoft excel 2007 and Epi info TM 7 software. Result: Most common (52.95% cases) site of origin was posterolateral from femoral artery. The mean distance of origin of profunda femoris artery from the midpoint of inguinal ligament was 30.17 mm. There was no significant difference in cross sectional area of right and left profunda femoris artery (at 95% confidence interval) Conclusion: Profunda femoris artery is used for angiography, ultrasonography and cardiac catheterization also. It is the major blood supply of the thigh. Its relations with femoral artery, femoral vein and femoral nerve makes it important structure for clinicians. Variations in origin of profunda femoris artery must be considered to avoid complication like aneurism and faulty passage of the catheter. High origin of profunda femoris artery is more prone to damage while accessing femoral artery.